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Four young Gypsy women. Source: Flickr
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A female Gypsy dances. Source: Tirgumureseanul
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Gypsies enjoying a roasted pig.
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This is the sort of thing most people imagine when they think about Gypsies. Wagons like this carried the first wave of Romani migrants out of India as early as the fifth century AD. Horses pull these wagons, which are capable of crossing steppes, rivers, and mountain ranges at about the speed a person can walk. Source: Pinterest
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Such wagons are still being built. This one is on display at an outdoor exhibit in Bournemouth, England. Source: Bournemouth
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And some wagons are still in active use, such as this one in Nottinghamshire. Source: Pix Shark
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Of course, there's no law that says Gypsy families can't upgrade to something with modern insulation.
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An elaborate wagon from the Hearst Estate. Source: Antique Carousels
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A dorset green wagon. Source: Cool Camping
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The interior of a wagon is just as busy as the exterior.
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Despite the apparent need to travel light, even simple wagons are decorated to within an inch of their lives. Source: Gone Gypsy
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Very few objects in the modern world have been in continuous use since the fall of the Roman Empire, but, except for some of the details, not much has changed inside a caravan. Source: Pinterest
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In the 800 years that the Romani have been present in Europe, many have given in to the temptation to settle down and live more sedentary lives. As early as the 1360s, land was being granted to Romani who were willing to settle on Corfu. Source: Wikipedia
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This didn't always work out well. The first recorded Gypsy slave auction took place in Wallachia, in the late 14th century. This poster, advertising another auction, is from 500 years later. Source: Magicienii
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Those who did settle down found themselves in direct competition with their neighbors' farms. Source: Fotóművészet
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Unsurprisingly, merchants and selling agents often colluded to pay Romani farmers less than their ethnic-majority neighbors, and property rights were unstable and easily revoked, leading to the kind of poverty that doesn't let go for centuries. Source: Truomega
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A Romani mother with her children. Source: Human Photography
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A Gypsy slum in Belgrade. Source: Wordpress
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Source: Thestival
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To make ends meet, or just to manage the financial death-spiral, many European Gypsies took to putting on traveling shows and spectacle-oriented gimmicks for the money bored townspeople would pay to be entertained in the long, dark centuries before the invention of TV. Soon, Gypsy communities had gained a reputation for being hotbeds of fortune-telling, kidnapping, and thievery.
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The persecution began early, and it was a rare part of Europe that didn't enforce anti-Gypsy laws with extreme harshness. The Gypsies who reached Western Europe in the 15th century were mostly refugees from Ottoman persecution, but local populations in Germany and France assumed they were spies for the Turks. In the mid-18th century, the Spanish government rounded up the Romani and deported able-bodied men to forced labor camps. Around the same time, Austria outlawed the ownership of wagons and the speaking of the Romani language. Punishment for noncompliance ranged from whipping to death.
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Unlike the Jewish pogroms, persecution of the Gypsies usually had no religious angle. By far, the majority of Gypsies in Catholic countries follow the Catholic faith, as is the case with this group, shown during a pilgrimage. In Orthodox countries, they follow the Orthodox Church. The same pattern can be seen in majority-Muslim countries, and even among Anglican and Pentecostal communities in England and Portugal, respectively. With Gypsies, the suppression and expulsion orders were pure ethnic cleansing. Source: Wikipedia
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As early as 1510, Swiss law imposed death on any Gypsy found within the country's borders. From 1554, the rule was applied to England. Another order of death was issued in Denmark in 1589. In 1538, Portugal began a series of deportations to Bahia, Brazil, and other overseas possessions, where the Inquisition often followed the hapless Gypsies. In 1880, Argentina became the first New World country to block further immigration. In 1885, the United States followed suit. In 1896, Norway passed a law authorizing the forced removal of Gypsy children. Perhaps 1,500 children were taken under this law and raised in orphanages. In the above picture, soldiers arrest Romani men in occupied Yugoslavia. Source: Wikimedia
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In this picture, taken in 1940, the Romani of Asperg, Germany are held awaiting deportation. The 1935 Nuremburg Laws had dealt with Germany's Gypsies on much the same terms as the Jews. Eventually, facing the extreme difficulty of arresting itinerant travelers, the Wehrmacht and SS adopted a shoot-on-sight policy for Eastern Europe's Romani. Source: Wikipedia
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Here, German Dr. Robert Ritter conducts an interview with a Gypsy woman. Ritter was a "specialist" in "Gypsy psychology." We leave it to your imagination what kind of bilge he published about the subject. Source: Wikipedia
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Ritter again. It isn't known how many Romani died during the Porajmos, which is the name given to the Nazis’ attempted extermination of the Romani, but it certainly wasn't less than six figures. Death estimates range up to 1.5 million people, though the Gypsy lifestyle makes an accurate census virtually impossible. Many of those shot simply went unrecorded, as they had no official existence to begin with. Bohemian Romani, the dialect spoken in Czechoslovakia, went extinct during this period. Incidentally, the war crimes case against Ritter was dismissed in 1950 for lack of evidence. He died less than a year later from natural causes. Source: Wikipedia
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Nobody knows how many Romani live around the world today. As befits urban nomads who take a perverse pride in being independent and hard to corral, estimates of current Romani numbers randomly shift between 2 and 12 million. Source: Pinterest
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Romani make up about nine percent of Romania's population, and a somewhat larger share in some Balkan states, such as Macedonia. Source: Abbey Medieval Festival
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Perhaps one million live in the United States, more than in any other country in the world. Source: Google Plus
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